Quartz is a common and widely distributed mineral composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂). It is notable for its hardness and resistance to chemical weathering, making it a prevalent and durable component of the Earth's crust. Here are some key characteristics and facts about quartz:

Physical Properties

1. Crystal Structure: Quartz crystals belong to the hexagonal crystal system and typically form prismatic crystals with a six-sided pyramid at each end.
2. Color: Quartz can be colorless, white, or come in various colors due to impurities, including:
   • Amethyst: Purple
   • Citrine: Yellow to orange
   • Rose Quartz: Pink
   • Smoky Quartz: Brown to black
3. Luster: Vitreous (glassy)
4. Hardness: Quartz has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, making it quite durable.
5. Density: Approximately 2.65 grams per cubic centimeter.

Chemical Properties

• Composition: Pure quartz is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂).
• Impurities: Trace elements and mineral inclusions can influence the color and other properties of quartz.

Varieties

Quartz exists in two main forms:

1. Macrocrystalline Quartz: Large, visible crystals, such as rock crystal, amethyst, citrine, and rose quartz.
2. Cryptocrystalline Quartz (Chalcedony): Composed of microscopic crystals, includes varieties like agate, jasper, onyx, and carnelian.

Formation and Occurrence

• Formation: Quartz forms from the cooling of molten rock (magma) or through hydrothermal processes (hot water solutions).
• Geological Settings: Commonly found in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. It's abundant in granite and sandstone and occurs as veins in many types of rocks.

Uses

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